At least a start of what we use for fun and improvement.
Time: Time of Day Overall Time of Ride, including stops Time of Ride, only the time you are moving on a bike, pedaling or not Lap Time Current time related to specific qualities Other various times like interval time, or any other time related you want to monitor.
Distance/Mileage Various distances, Point to Point, Start to Finish, Interval Distance, Current, from start, Distance to a waypoint/change direction. Miles or Kilometers
Speed Various Speeds including Average, Maximum, Interval Average, Current. MPH or KPH
Elevation Measurement of travel up or down compared with beginning altitude. Could be just individual changes in altitude for a specific “climb”
Heart Rate Average, maximum, current. Called BPM (Beats per Minute)
Cadence Speed of peddle rotation RPM (Revolutions per Minute)
Power Commonly called Watts of Power. The amount of measurable force exerted on a pedal x pedal cadence. Power can be increased by pressing harder, by pedaling faster or a combination of pressing harder and pedaling faster.
NP(Normalized Power) A way to understand the true physiological cost of a ride event calculating the variability of the usually outdoor ride. (Hills, wind, attack efforts) Indoor trainer rides have less environmental factors effecting the ride. A bit of a complicated algorithmic calculation. NP can be significantly different based on the type of “event”, Road Race, Criterium, Steady Touring pace with little wind and hills. Can be a better evaluation of Power than using “Average Power” for the ride.
TSS (Training Stress Score) A calculation of intensity based on the Intensity of the ride and the Duration of the ride adjusted to each individuals FTP (Functional Threshold Power) A predictor of the amount of Glycogen(Fuel/Food) used in a workout session.
IF (Intensity Factor) A Ratio of NP to your personal Threshold Power http://home.trainingpeaks.com/blog/article/what-is-threshold-power The higher the IF number the higher effort was expended. Examples: Less than 0.75 recovery rides 0.75-0.85 endurance paced training rides, Zone 2. 0.85-0.95 tempo rides, aerobic and anaerobic interval workouts (work and rest periods combined), longer (>2.5 hour) road races. 0.95-1.05 lactate threshold intervals (work period only), shorter (<2.5 hour) road races, criteriums, circuit races, longer (e.g., 40 km) TTs 1.05-1.15 shorter (e.g., 15 km) TTs, track points race.
Greater than 1.15 prologue TT, track pursuit, track miss-and-out
Work Kilojoule (KJ) = Unit of energy. Produce watts of power = KJ of energy. The amount of energy the body consumes doing work/producing watts of power. Example: Constant 200 watts of power x 3600 seconds (1 Hour) = 720 kj of work (Energy Consumed). For cyclists, Kilojoules are approximately equivalent to calories expended.
For more information and additional Metrics you can go to Training Peaks here. https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/glossary-of-trainingpeaks-metrics/